[002 mimic#1 scientific] Into the wild_Hailey

Nature Immunology Commentary

Into the wild: digging at immunology’s evolutionary roots

Rick M Maizels & Daniel H Nussey

The two pillars of modern immunology have been man and mouse; in both settings, investigators seek to reduce complexity and control environmental conditions. However, the world outside the laboratory is immensely variable; this is not ‘noise’ but represents the genetic and environmental framework in which the immune system evolved and functions. Placing the ever-growing understanding of immunological mechanisms in wider real-world contexts is a massive but fundamentally important challenge.

Immunogenetic variation is prevalent in all species and populations, except of course the inbred lines used in laboratory systems. Indeed, genes associated with the immune system are among the most variable currently recognized in animal species. Allelic variation underpinning immunity and health has an evolutionary origin; it is maintained in the face of the forces of natural selection on the immune system to produce effective defenses against parasites and pathogens in ancestral environments. But why has natural selection left so much immunogenetic variation in place, when it has had millennia to sift out poorly functioning immunological genotypes? This may seem especially puzzling given that many alleles associated with the immune system that have been identified in humans and laboratory mice seem to have pathological associations with the ‘diseases of modernity’, such as allergy and autoimmunity.

Mimic Trial 1

The two pillars of modern immunology have been man and mouse; in both settings, investigators were trying to reduce the complexity of genetics and environmental conditions. However, the world outside of the laboratory is an extremely diverse environment. These are not “noise”, but actually required for the evolution of our immune system, which is based on the immense complexity of environmental framework.  Therefore, placing the ever-growing understanding of the immunological mechanism in wild-out world is a massive but fundamentally important task.

Immunogenetic variation is prevalent in all species and populations, except of course the inbred lines in laboratory system. Indeed, the genes associated with immune system are among the most variable ones recognized in animals. The allelic variation underpinning the immune system is evolved based on natural selection, which is required for defense against parasites and bacteria from ancient times. However, if this is the case, the evolution seems to be unsuccessful in many ways because there could have been million years for the genes involved in diseases been deleted. Especially, we can still find many immunogenetic variations that cause modern diseases such as allergy and autoimmunity.

Mimic Trial 2

The two pillars of modern immunology have been man and mouse; in both settings, investigators seek to reduce the complexity and to control the environmental conditions. However, the world outside of the laboratory is immensely variablediverse, this is not “noise”, but represents the basic genetic and environmental framework in which the immune system evolve and functions. Placing the ever-growing understanding of the immunological mechanism in the wider real-world contexts is a massive but fundamentally important challenge.

Immunogenetic variation is prevalent in all species and populations, except of course the inbred lines used in laboratory system. Indeed, genes associated with immune system are among the most variable currently recognized in animal species. Allelic variation underpinning immunity and health has a revolutionary origin, it is maintained in the face of the forces of nature selection on the immune system , which is required to generate produce effective defense against parasites and pathogens in ancestry environment. But why has natural selection left so many much immunogenetic variations in place, when there were million yearsit has had millennia to sift out poorly functional immunologicaling genotypes? This may seems especially puzzelingbizzar given that many alleles associated with immune system that have been identifiedfound in human and laboratory mice seem to have pathological association with the “diseases of modernity”, such as allergy and autoimmunity.